Abstract

Trade policy is a core instrument of macroeconomic management for developing countries. For India—one of the world’s largest and fastest-growing economies—trade policy shapes the country’s industrial competitiveness, foreign investment flows, employment creation, food and energy security, and integration into global value chains (GVCs). This article examines why trade policy matters for India, reviews historical and recent developments, provides empirical evidence on trade and investment trends, outlines the main channels through which trade policy affects development, discusses current challenges (including trade deficits, import dependence for energy and inputs, non-tariff barriers, and the need for infrastructure), and presents policy recommendations. The analysis draws on recent official data and international research to provide actionable insights for policymakers, business leaders, and researchers.

Keywords: FDI, Trade policy, Non-Tariff Barriers, Global Value Chain